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Introduction: Sinoatrial Nodal artery is an artery which supplies the sinoatrial node, the natural pacemakercenter of the heart, usually a branch of right coronary artery but also from left coronary artery in variablepercentage in different population.Aim: The aim of the study was to study the anatomical origin of sinoatrial Nodal artery , from Right coronaryartery or left coronary artery in indian human cadaversMaterials and Methods: The study was carried out on 50 formalin fixed Adult Human Cadaveric Heart of Indianpopulation obtained from department of Anatomy subharti medical college Meerut UP INDIA. Specimens withgross congenital anomalies were excluded from the study. The coronary arteries were dissected for the origin ofsinoatrial Nodal artery.Results: Out of total 50 cases studied, sinoatrial nodal artery was originating from right coronary artery in 39(78%) hearts while in remaining 11 (21.27%) hearts SA nodal artery was arising from left coronary artery. Whenit is arising from left coronary artery it is a branch of left circumflex artery rather than the main trunk.Conclusions: In present study of Indian Human cadaveric hearts SA Nodal artery is originating from right coronaryartery in maximum (78.0) percent population comparing with the previous studies done globaly. Further studiesare needed in Indian population in relation to SA Nodal Artery. Study of origin and distribution of sinoatrialnodal artery helps cardiologist and cardiac surgeons to understand the ischemic etiology of sinus node diseasesand corrective steps needed.
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Background: Placenta is a vigorous, energetic, resourceful organ which in most cases of placental insufficiency is showing compensatory changes in response to an unfavourable maternal milieu, (H Fox 1975).The present study is an attempt to find out the morphological and histopathological changes in the placentas of hypertensive patients. Methods: The study was conducted on 60 cases of pregnant women admitted and delivered in the department of Obstetrics & Gynaecology, Subharti Medical College Meerut. The patients were divided into two groups. Control group included cases with normal blood pressure and study group included cases having blood pressure more than 140/90 mmHg. Placentas of each group were kept in separate container filled with 10% formalin solution for at least one week. At the onset of examination, placental size, thickness & weight is recorded. Results: The result reveals the mean placental area ± SD in placenta of control group was 240.5 ± 51.7% and in study groups was 206.3 ± 67.4% (p<0.05). The mean placental thickness ± SD in the control group was 2.3 ± 0.4% and in the study group was 2.8 ± 0.6% (p<0.001). The mean placental weight ± SD in the control group was 390.3 ± 49.0% and in the study group was 346.7 ± 97.4% (p<0.05). Conclusion: Placenta is a mirror which reflects the intrauterine status of the fetus. The examination of the placenta gives a clear idea of what had happened with it, when it was in the mother’s womb and what is going to happen with the fetus in the future.
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Passive exposure to tobacco smoke causes ultrastructural changes in placental vasculature. It was endeavoured to observe under the light microscope, the endothelial cells of the capillaries and to look for microscopic changes in the vasculosyncytial membranes in the terminal villi of placentae of passive smokers exposed largely to bidi smoke. To study effect of passive smoking on placental vasculature a total of 150 placentae were selected from healthy full term gravidas with no history of tobacco use. They were divided into two group viz; passive smokers (n=87) and non passive smokerscontrol (n=63). Three micron thick sections were cut, stained and examined under light microscope. The study revealed that endothelial cells of stromal capillaries of the placental villi were oedematous resulting in irregular capillary lumina (p=0.0007) and vasculosyncytial membrane was significantly absent in terminal villi of passive smokers in comparison to control (p=0.0000).
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HELLP syndrome is a multi systemic disorder that complicates pregnancy and has a poor prognosis. HELLP syndrome is frequently associated with severe pre-eclampsia or eclampsia but can also be diagnosed in the absence of these disorders .We report a case of 20 year old married pregnant female who was diagnosed as a patient of HELLP syndrome.
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Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy (LC) has been conventionally done under general anaesthesia (GA). Regional anaesthesia is usually preferred in patients where GA is contraindicated. In this study, we present experience of using spinal anaesthesia (SA) for LC with the contention that it is a good alternative to GA. Spinal anaesthesia was used in 134 patients in whom LC was planned. There was no modification in the technique, and the intra abdominal pressure was kept at 8mm Hg to 12 mm Hg. Sedation was given if required, and conversion to GA was done in patients not responding to sedation or due to failure of SA. Results were compared with 100 patients who had undergone LC under GA. Out of 134 patients, two patients required conversion to GA. Hypotension requiring support was recorded in 28 (20.89%) patients, and 32 (23.88%) experienced neck or shoulder pain, or both. Postoperatively, 2.9% (4) of patients had vomiting as compared to 33% (33) of patients who were administered GA. Injectable diclofenac was required in 36.56% (49) for abdominal pain within 2 hours postoperatively and oral analgesic was required in 106 (79.10%) patients within the first 24 hours in SA group. However, 96% of patients operated under GA required injectable analgesics in the immediate postoperative period. Postural headache was experienced by 8 (5.9%) patients postoperatively. Average time of discharge was 1.9 days in patients operated under SA.
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During the routine cadaveric dissection a Meckel’s diverticulum was observed which was about 50 cms, proximal to the ileocaecal junction. The length of the diverticulum was about 7 cm. After exploring the abdomen we observed intussusceptions at two places; first intussusception was seen at about 30 cms from duodeno-jejunal junction & other one was 21 cm distal to the first one. Since presence of two intussusceptions along with Meckel’s diverticulum is a rare and interesting finding, hence this case was considered suitable for discussion.
Subject(s)
Intussusception , Meckel DiverticulumABSTRACT
Brachial plexus is the plexus of nerves that supplies the upper limb. The Anatomical variations of the brachial plexus in humans have clinical significance to surgeons, radiologists and anatomists. Variation in the origin and distribution of branches of brachial plexus are common but variation in the roots, trunks and cords are very rare. Here we report a rare variation in the formation of lateral cord and variation in origin of median nerve. Lateral cord was formed by anterior division of upper trunk alone (C5, C6 ), but an additional intermediate cord between medial & lateral cord was found which was a continuation of anterior division of middle trunk (C7) . Median nerve was formed by: A lateral root carrying C5and C6 fibers arising from lateral cord, intermediate cord carrying C7 fibers and medial root of medial cord carrying C8 and T1 fibers.
Subject(s)
Brachial Plexus , Median Nerve , MeningomyeloceleABSTRACT
Reports of aluminium toxicity on kidneys through dietary source is less reported even though it’s adverse effects such as encephalopathy, dementia, osteomalacia and fractures have been reported in renal failure cases after ingestion of aluminium gel. As Majority of Indian population is exposed to aluminium through dietary source, therefore, the effects of alumuinium toxiciy was studied in albino rats after oral administration of Aluminium salts. The present study was carried out on 40 albino rats divided into two equal group: control and experimental. Each of twenty animals of experimental group were given 37.5 mg of aluminium chloride per day orally for 3 weeks. All the animals were sacrificed on 22nd day. Small pieces of kidney were procured, fixed in 10% neutral buffered formaline and embedded in paraffin. Sections of 7µ thickness were cut and stained with Haematoxylin and Eosin for general morphology and PAS for basement membrane. Significant histopathological changes were observed. Breakdown of general architectural pattern with degenerative changes were seen more in cortex as compared to medulla. Haemorrhage and inflammatory cell reaction was also observed in cortex.